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http://www.tomrichey.netThe Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618-1648 (Thirty Years!) Thirty years' war definition, the war, often regarded as a series of wars (1618–48), in central Europe, initially involving a conflict between German Protestants and Catholics and later including political rivalries with France, Sweden, and Denmark opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. France was now the chief Western power. This event started the Bohemian Revolt and the Thirty Years’ War. Whilst the conflict took place mainly in the area of modern day Germany, it involved many of the great European powers at that time. His lands were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria. Updates? The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer, ending the war between German Lutherans and Catholics, and establishing that: 1. This caused fighting between the groups. Poland, having been drawn in as a Baltic power coveted by Sweden, pushed its own ambitions by attacking Russia and establishing a dictatorship in Moscow under Władysław, Poland’s future king. So, in 1617, Ferdinand was elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the Crown Prince, and automatically upon the death of Matthias, the next King of Bohemia. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The emperor's prerogatives had never been clearly defined; a ruler who knew how to exploit his considerable informal powers of patronage could enjoy a great deal of authority, but a weak monarch could easily be reduced to a mere figurehead. 400 counters Includes the battles of: Lützen Nordlingen Rocroi Freiburg Reissued: Thirty Years War Quad (Second Edition) Strategy & Tactics magazine games Breitenfeld and Cromwell's Victory use same system. The Russo-Polish Peace of Polyanov in 1634 ended Poland’s claim to the tsarist throne but freed Poland to resume hostilities against its Baltic archenemy, Sweden, which was now deeply embroiled in Germany. Omissions? Sweden had control of the Baltic. The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars fought among numerous European powers between 1618 and 1648. The armies of both sides plundered as they marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and farms ravaged. This made the France-Habsburg rivalry even worse. Frederick V was the creator of the League of Evangelical Union. The Thirty Years' War caused things like famine and disease in almost every country involved. See more. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history,[14] it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague. The king-elect then sent two Catholic councillors (Wilhelm Grav Slavata and Jaroslav Borzita Graf Von Martinicz) as his representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618. Ferdinand had been educated by the Jesuits, and was a Catholic. In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war. They rejected Ferdinand and launched the Thirty Years' War. The empire had nations like the Austrian House of Habsburg, Bavaria, the Electorate of Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg, and other small nations and towns. Spain had lost not only the Netherlands but its dominant position in western Europe. Often presented as a pointless and exhausting conflict, the Thirty Years War did produce lasting effects; for example, the Austrian Hapsburgs would never again try to impose hegemony on Germany. At its outset, both sides would have been horrified at … Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. This made him unpopular in Hussite Bohemia. Classic Quad game of 30 Years War battles. In July, he crossed the Baltic with 13,000 men, mostly native Swedes with a complement of Scottish and Irish mercenaries, but a puny force with which to take on the 100,000 soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire. Two Roman Catholic armies, the emperor’s and the League’s, converged on the kingdom, routing Frederick at the White Mountain in November 1620 and replacing the regime of the estates in Bohemia…, In 1620, following the defeat of Frederick V (the elector palatine, or prince, from the Rhineland who had accepted the crown of Bohemia when it was offered to him in 1618) and the Bohemians, Spanish troops from the Netherlands entered the “Winter…. While theses wars had multiple causes, religious issues were a … The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin McMurdie George Fox University, jmcmurdie09@georgefox.edu This research is a product of the Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) program at George Fox University.Find out moreabout the program. Rulers of the 224 German states could choose the religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) of their realms according to their consciences, and compel their subjects to follow that faith (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). See an overview of one of the longest and most costly wars of history.Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/EmpTigerstar The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648.Though it was primarily centered in Germany, several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden.In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war. The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European continental powers. The principal battlefield for all these intermittent conflicts was the towns and principalities of Germany, which suffered severely. Although the struggles that created it erupted some years earlier, the war is conventionally held to have begun in 1618, when the future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II, in his role as king of Bohemia, attempted to impose Roman Catholic absolutism on his domains, and the Protestant nobles of both Bohemia and Austria rose up in rebellion. In exchange, however, their grip on the core lands of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary tightened. He was Catholic. Swedish Intervention. Almost four centuries on, the Thirty Years’ War teaches us how protracted conflict can bring about famine and spell disaster for civilians. But as literature for the general reader it sadly fails. 2. They got it in some wars that ended in 1609. In the case of the Thirty Years War, there is no question that Wilson has done his research and assembled what will be considered THE stand out overview of the war for a long time to come. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-48 On 23 May 1618 two of the Catholic regents of Bohemia and their secretary were ‘defenestrated’ from the Hradcin Castle in Prague by Count Mathias Thurn (1567-1640) and his Protestant acolytes. Emperor Matthias, who had no children, had died leaving the throne to Ferdinand II. Expanded by Las Dunas 1658 Montjuic 1641 Thirty Years War is a new game designed by developer HQ covering one of the darkest ages of European history. A brief treatment of the Thirty Years’ War follows. When the contending powers finally met in the German province of Westphalia to end the bloodshed, the balance of power in Europe had been radically changed. The Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years’ War, when King Gustav II Adolf … Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Thirty-Years-War, Military History Encyclopedia on the Web - Thirty Years War, Thirty Years’ War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Thirty Years’ War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Europe, history of: The Thirty Years’ War, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne. Here, in the heartland of Europe, three denominations vied for dominance: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. The War can be divided into four major phases: the Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention. People that lived in a state that had chosen Lutheranism or Catholicism were not allowed to change their religion. It began as a fight about religion — the Protestants and Catholics were the two groups that disagreed. Meanwhile the conflict widened, fueled by political ambitions of the various powers. The Peace made the violence end for a bit. The Thirty Years’ War had a profound impact on Europe, and some of the consequences of this war can be seen in the changes that were made to European society. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648. The war originated with dual crises at the continent’s centre: one in the Rhineland and the other in Bohemia, both part of the Holy Roman Empire.…, The Bohemian problem was resolved swiftly. During the Thirty Years’ War, many of the contending armies were mercenaries, many of whom could not collect their pay. There were several reasons that the Thirty Years' War started. The crisis had a constitutional and political as well as a religious dimension. The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. As the war continued, the Habsburg dynasty (a Catholic family) and other organizations used the war to try and get more power. They liked the Protestant Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate (successor to Frederick IV) better. This page was last changed on 2 April 2021, at 13:07. Second: the powerful countries in Europe in the 17th century often disagreed about matters of Politics or Economics. Fourth, Religious groups were not agreeing during the second half of the 16th century. Corrections? Meanwhile, Royalists and Pariamentarians fought for control of the nation in the English Civil War. The Peace of Augsburg was not working because some bishops had not given up their bishoprics, and Catholic rulers in Spain and Eastern Europe wanted to make Catholicism strong in the region. The Thirty Years’ War profoundly altered Europe’s political landscape and social fabric. This threw them on the countryside for their supplies, and thus began the “wolf-strategy” that typified this war. The member states of the Holy Roman Empire were granted full sovereignty. Fifth, the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias died without any children to take his place in 1619. He wanted to make Catholicism the only religion again. Calvinism was a third Christian group in Germany, but it was not part of the Peace of Augsburg. During the Thirty Years' War of 1600s, a band of Protestant mercenaries peacefully coexist with German Catholic villagers in a hidden idyllic mountain valley untouched by war. In fact, the population of the Holy Roman Empire, the conflict’s main theatre, did not recover its prewar levels until around 60 years after the war ended. Spain wanted land in some of the German states, because the Germans owned some of the Spanish Netherlands. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&oldid=7456565, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, German Princes (there were 225 princes) could choose the religion (whether they were Lutheran or Catholic) in their states (this was called, Lutherans that lived in a state under the control of a bishop, called an, Lutherans could keep the land that they had taken from the Catholic Church after the, The bishops of the Catholic Church that switched to Lutheranism had to give their land back (the principle called. The range of confessions in Germany, 1650, as a result of the Thirty Years' War. Some places gave Protestants permission to worship. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. First, the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which was signed quickly by Charles V, agreed with the 1526 Diet of Speyer and stopped the fighting between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany. In May 1618 a group of Bohemian Protestants in Prague seized Ferdinand’s representatives and threw them out of the palace window. Overall, the struggle was between the Holy Roman Empire, which was Roman Catholic and Habsburg, and a network of Protestant towns and principalities that relied on the chief anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the United Netherlands, which had at last thrown off the yoke of Spain after a struggle lasting 80 years. Suddenly, the Bohemian Hussites took them, put them on a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace window which was 20 feet off the ground (this is called defenestration, or, more specifically: the defenestration of Prague). This resulted in a Gordian tangle of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers to aid them. The Thirty Years’ War was a major European war that occurred during the 17th century. The common folk saw it not so much in terms of battles won or territories gained or theologies defined and protected, but as a long orgy of violence, a glimpse of Hell created by men on Earth. Other Protestants supported the opinion of the Catholics. It took years to negotiate the end of hostilities. The Thirty Years War ravaged whole countries, as the first truly national armies marched over Europe. The war lasted for 30 years, but the problems that caused the war were not fixed for a long time after the war was over. The ancient notion of a Roman Catholic empire of Europe, headed spiritually by a pope and temporally by an emperor, was permanently abandoned, and the essential structure of modern Europe as a community of sovereign states was established. The Thirty Years' War is the series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire and its surroundings, between 1618 and 1648.. From the Bohemian rebellion to the Swedish intervention led by Gustavus Adolphus, from Denmark to the Palatinate, players can now recreate the Campaigns of Lützen, Nördlingen and Rocroi. The United Netherlands was recognized as an independent republic. For the outbreak of the war the deepening crisis of the Holy Roman Empire was of crucial importance. in the Holy Roman Empire. Germany is plunged into thirty years of war that will last until 1648, when the exhausted combatants sign a peace establishing the competing spheres of interest that … The Dutch fought the Spanish to get independence. These disagreements caused violence. Only Austria was capable of operating on its own. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Remarkably, they survived and did not get hurt. He became Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Though it was primarily centered in Germany, several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden. For full treatment, see Europe, history of: The Thirty Years’ War. One of the examples of this is that Catholic France fought for the Protestants. Thirty Years War , THE.—The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though preeminently a German war, was also of great importance for the history of the whole of Europe, not only because nearly all the countries of Western Europe took part in it, but also on account of its connection with the other great European wars of the same era and on account of its final results. Third: the Holy Roman Empire was a broken group of nations. Christian’s defeat and the Peace of Lübeck in 1629 finished Denmark as a European power, but Sweden’s Gustav II Adolf, having ended a four-year war with Poland, invaded Germany and won many German princes to his anti-Roman Catholic, anti-imperial cause. It also offers a bracingly novel interpretation. Starting as an internal dispute within the Holy Roman Empire, the Thirty Years’ War had swelled to involve most of the nations in Europe. And it was this upheaval – not military conflict per se – that took the heaviest human toll. The Catholics made many Protestants leave their home lands. In 1617 the fiercely Catholic, Ferdinand of Styria, was elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the Crown Prince of Bohemia and the heir to the throne. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ferdinand won after a five-year struggle. Ferdinand was Matthias's closest male relative. 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